For nearly a century, we have provided exceptional quality equipment and service to the hvac, process cooling, industrial, and refrigeration markets. Design of mechanical draftcooling tower and determination. The hot water is then supplied to the cooling tower for cooling by the use of motor pump. Chilled water plant design guide december 2009 energydesignresources. Drift the water entrained in the air flow and discharged to the atmosphere. Sustainable environmental control through building design heating, cooling, and lighting is the industry standard text on environmental control systems with the emphasis on sustainable design. Research article thermal design of cooling tower 1ronak shah, 2trupti rathod 1 address for correspondence 1student, 2 asst. The factors that effect the selection of design lg and consequently the fill height are. Cooling tower thermal design manual free pdf ebook. Water is commonly used as a heat transfer medium to remove heat from refrigerant condensers or industrial process heat exchangers. Cooling towers are a very important part of many chemical plants. It is based on around fortyfive years of experience in the construction of cooling towers gained by plant and structural design engineers, by construction companies, checkup engi. Part i outlines the steps necessary to improve cooling tower operations including a. By detailing the many factors that contribute to the comfort in a building, this book helps architects.
Nassef optimum shape and design of cooling towers m. Closed loop cooling tower system the makeup water source is used to replenish water lost to evaporation. This handbook now contains more than 800 pages of valuable product and technical information, and we believe that you will find volume v to truly be the one resource for all of your customers design, application, and specification needs. Simulation of a counterflow and crossflow cooling tower by. The present paper is a detailed methodology for thermal design of cooling tower. For guidelines and regulatory requirements relating to design, construction including location, operation and maintenance of cooling towers, please refer to the following documents. Wind loading is extremely important in cooling tower design for several reasons. Determination of optimum height for counter flow cooling tower ashraf kotb department of mechanical power engineering, ain shams university, cairo, egypt abstract a model for counter flow cooling tower is present with treatments to recover the simplifications in the literature. Department of energy idaho operations office idaho national engineering laboratory this is an informal report intended for use as a preliminaryor working document work supported by the u. Hvac water chillers and cooling towers fundamentals application and operation 2nd edition 2011 by herbert w. Chapter 39 cooling towers most airconditioning systems and industrial processes generate heat that must be removed and dissipated.
Such a design strategy has been employed for the worlds tallest cooling tower at the niederaussem power plant in germany, with an overall height of 200 m and thickness values of 2224 cm. Proper tower design and operation can minimize drift loss. This may be a design issue or it could be due to high winds and steps should be taken to eliminate the water loss. Cooling tower selection, sizing and troubleshooting, kolmetz handbook of process equipment design.
Cooling towers can be split into two distinct categories. Cooling tower transfer characteristics is one of the most, if not the most important parameters in cooling tower thermal design. Cooling tower performance spx cooling technologies, inc. These design guideline are believed to be as accurate as possible, but are very general and not for specific design cases. Written by three experts, the book will enable architects to make concise quantitative comparisons of the extents to which house roofs of various types will contribute to keeping houses cool in summer. It is then combined with makeup water, which replaces the evaporated water, and is sent through the system again. Water treatment for cooling towers 1 of 2 water treatment helps ensure that heattransfer surfaces perform to design specifications by amanda meitz, senior microbiologist, nalco diversified technologies, inc. Cooling tower info pdf, delta cooling towers india your. Houston, texas fans key to optimum cooling tower design nomograph gives the reciprocal of the density ratio. Evaporators are the large things usually seen outside. Experimental study of cooling tower performance using ceramic.
The purpose of louvers is to equalize air flow into the fill and retain the water within the tower. They represent a relatively inexpensive and dependable means of removing low grade heat from cooling water. The term induced draft denotes that air is drawn by fans through the flow of falling water and up and out of the cooling tower. Cooling water systems an overview of cooling towers. Cooling tower monitoring and environmental compliance. Heat exchanger design handbook, hemisphere publishing. Lets look at a typical case of fan selection for a new tower design. Cooling towers have certain design values, but seasonal variations require adjustment and tuning of water and air. Part i outlines the steps necessary to improve cooling tower operations including a simple checklist for easy reference. The makeup water source is used to replenish water lost to evaporation. Design and operation 2005 2018 trane a business of ingersoll rand. For purposes of comparison, a real tower is considered in the current study as the reference design tower. Cooling tower fundamentals is devoted to the implementation of water cooling systems which satisfy design and environmental requirements with sound engineering and responsible cost.
Their design and applica tion, in environmental engineers handbook, lewis publishers. Chapter 8 cooling towers system shutdown and start. A cooling tower cools water by a combination of heat and mass transfer. Technical reference for water conservation in cooling towers 1st edition. Water treatment chemicals utilized for cooling tower systems which contain molybdenum are prohibited in the jea sanitary sewer. Cooling towers and condenser water systems design and. Research article thermal design of cooling tower ronak shah. Cooling tower efficiency guide property managers improving cooling tower operations how to use this guide this guide is structured in two parts. Cooling towers and cooling tower parts spx cooling. Midwest cooling towers experienced cooling tower engineering and design group can offer you the best value option for your particular application, whether it is one of preengineered cooling towers, or a custom designed solution. Related commercial resources ashrae handbook hvac systems and equipment chapter. In naturaldraught cooling towers the open structure at the base allows a natural movement of air. The goal of this edition is to provide the hvac designer, engineers the building owner and his operating and maintenance staff, the architect, and the mechanical contractor with definitive and practical information and guidance relative to the application.
Cooling tower designing is basically an iterative process. Factors affecting cooling tower performance capacity 8. A basic guide to understanding industrial cooling water systems. Cooling water systems an overview of cooling towers 2012 instructor. Process control and optimization, volume ii ftp directory listing. The high exiting air velocities reduces the chance of re circulation. Since evaporative cooling equipment requires large quantities of air, adequate spacing around the unit must be provided for it to perform properly. They were designed for engineers to do preliminary designs and process specification sheets. For example, a cooling tower sized to cool 4540 m3hr through a. The thermal capability of a cooling tower used for air condition ing is often expressed in nominal cooling tower tons. Drift loss of the cooling tower is normally provided by the cooling tower manufacturer based on the process design. Nalco water will work with you to design a program from our complete line of oxidizing and nonoxidizing biocides, algaecides and biodispersants. The cooling system is housed in the towers base which is typically the bottom 10 metres, the rest of the tower consisting of an empty shell.
With respect to the cooling towers design, co mputeraided methods can be very helpful to obtain optimal designs oluwa sola, 1987. Institute of technology and research, gandhinagar, gujarat technological university, india abstract. A cooling tower is a heat rejection device which rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. The theory of heat exchange in wet cooling towers is briefly summarized. Cooling tower basics calculation formulas cooling tower.
The components used in the design of cooling tower are as follows. The cooling tower casing and the water basin are made of strong corrosionproof fibreglass reinforced polyester resin. Evaporation losses e it is calculated on the basis of heat. Best management practice and guidance manual for cooling. Cooling tower efficiency calculations cooling tower approach. There are also counterflow towers that use forced draft. Here evaporation occurs, removing heat along with the evaporated water. Drift loss does not include water lost by evaporation. Factors affecting cooling tower performance capacity utilization amount of water circulated range determined by the process it is serving determined by heat load and water circulation rate thus range. This system sends cooling water out of the equipment and into a pond or cooling tower, which is open to the atmosphere. The commissioning of cooling towers 2 prime and paint the condenser water piping, cooling tower structural steel, and other exposed metals to ensure long life and a neater appearance. The following design data is required to select cooling towers. Many counter flow tower designs do not require louvers. Cooling towers clicking on a companys name will take you to their web site.
Chapter 33 pretreatment of cooling water systems chapter 34 air conditioning and refrigeration systems chapter 22 coilend deposition and corrosion control. Introduction a cooling tower is a heat rejection device that. All cooling tower discharges must be in accordance with applicable state, local or federal rules and regulations. Calculation of cooling tower height student cheresources. Cooling tower monitoring and environmental compliance allen hile westlake group lytton lai abb lummus global, inc. The cooling effect is obtained by the natural air which is entering in the gap provided by the louvers. Department of energy assistant secretary for resource. It states that the 15,000 btus per hour per ton of cooling tower capacity the assumption that 3,000 btus of compressor comes from. The major concern during i study the cooling tower theory was how to computerize the cooling tower theory from the calculation of ntu to the cooling tower performance analysis. If the area around the cooling tower is wet on a regular basis, water may be splashing out. The technical data is taken for mechanical draft cooling tower. As the universal solvent, water is capable of dissolving a. Download cooling tower design we are a sharing community. A nominal cooling tower ton is defined as cooling 3 gpm of water from 95f to 85f at a 78f entering air wetbulb temperature.
Merkel developed a cooling tower theory for the mass evaporation of a small portion of water and sensible heat transfer between the air and water in a counter. The water falls and collects in a pond at the base of the tower, formed by a base slab and the pond wall. Bureau of the approach obtained is a function of thermal conditions. Hvac water chillers and cooling towers fundamentals. Determination of optimum height for counter flow cooling tower. Once a tower characteristic has been established between the plant engineer and the manufacturer, the manufacturer must design a tower that matches the value 7. Evaporative cooling design guidelines manual iv this report by nrg engineering is funded by the new mexico energy minerals and natural resources department, 1220. Simulation of a counterflow and crossflow cooling tower by the stepwise integration method montri pirunkaset abstract the stepwise integration method is an approximation method for determining the water temperature in the fill layers for a counterflow cooling tower and in the fill cells for a crossflow cooling tower. It provides the base of the selection in cooling tower. Jul 21, 2012 calculation of cooling tower height posted in student. Other design characteristics to consider are fan horse power, pump. Evapco supports its worldwide customers with manufacturing facilities and sales offices. In open circuit systems the recirculating water returns to the tower after 1 one ton of refrigeration is equal to 12,000 btuhour. Induced draft towers are typically mounted with a fan at the top of the cooling tower, which allows hot air out and pulls air throughout.
A cooling tower is a heat rejection device which rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a. Range of cooling in f t1 t2 area wet bulb temperature in f twb the design heat load is determined by the flow rate, and the range of cooling, and is calculated using the following formula. This requires a rapid response, accurate detection and a tailored program to control biological growth. Considered will be a 26 ft, 28ft, or 30 ftdiameter fan. Air velocity through tower or individual tower cell. Here we explain in full detail how cooling towers operate with example text, pictures, diagrams and principles.
Evaporative cooling design guidelines ced engineering. Dear all, i am 2nd year chemical engineering student i am doing project on a designing of cooling tower as a task i have following information. Cooling tower selection, sizing and troubleshooting, kolmetz handbook of process equipment design article pdf available july 2011 with 361 reads how we measure reads. At these condi tions, the cooling tower rejects 15,000 btuih per nominal cooling tower ton. Please refer to figure 5 below, which is a screen print of jalal engineerings cooling tower designing program. Other factors, which we will see, must be stated along with flow rate m3hr. A design handbook will be of great importance to architects. In our project we are going to design circular cooling tower named as induced draft cooling tower. Drift water droplets that are carried out of the cooling tower with the exhaust air. There is also the option of counterflow and crossflow design there also exists cocurrent flow but it is seldom used. Design and operation considerations cooling towers are a very important part of many chemical plants. For example, a cooling tower sized to cool 4540 m 3hr through a. Design of mechanical draftcooling tower and determination of. Cooling tower design and construction designing buildings.
Technical reference for water conservation in cooling towers. Cooling tower thermal design manual free pdf ebooks. A schematic illustration and photo of the used experimental apparatus are shown in. See the more detailed explanation of cooling towers systems. Again, this will be a first issue releasing the actual engineering approach. Drift eliminators are installed to prevent water entrained in the air from leaving the system. C constant related to cooling tower design m slope of tower characteristic curve 1 liquidtogas ratio lg.
One helpful means to that end is the water cooling tower. The water basin is an integrated part of the cooling tower casing, on this reason leakage is prevented for the examination of the spray nozzles and for maintenance on the adjustable float valve. Cooling towers have certain design values, but seasonal variations require adjustment and tuning of water and air flowrates to get the best cooling tower effectiveness. Experimental the tested cooling tower is a forced draft counter. The lg ratio of a cooling tower is the ratio of the liquid water mass flowrate l to gas air mass flowrate g. Cooling towers are constantly exposed to environmental contaminants and bacteria. If you read this book carefully, you can make any cooling tower design programs by yourself. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext.
Guidelines and regulatory requirements of cooling towers 1. This manual is not intended to be all encompassing and. Baltimore aircoil is the leading global manufacturer of cooling towers, closed circuit cooling towers, evaporative condensers, and ice thermal storage systems. Cooling tower mass balance gives an idea about make up water requirement. Establishment of the approach fixes the operating temperature of the tower and is the most important parameter in determining both tower size and cost. Understanding key components of cooling towers and. Range range is determined not by the cooling tower, but by the process it is serving.
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